Category Archives: Mathematics

Lightning and the Earth’s Electric Field

A photograph showing some spectacular lightning bolts above a city skyline at night.
Earth’s Electric Field

The Earth has an electric field.  On average, this field points vertically downwards and it has a magnitude of about 100 N C-1 (Newtons per Coulomb).  It exists because the Earth’s surface carries a negative charge of – 5 x 10C, while the upper atmosphere carries a compensating positive charge.  An average of 400,000 thunderstorms a day sustain a relatively constant electric field.

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Fallen from Outer Space…

A photograph of Daredevil Felix Baumgartner, as he boldly prepares to jump off his high altitude capsule for the ultimate record-breaking space dive on 14th October 2012.

Record-Breaking Space Dive

14th October 2012.  During his ultimate high-altitude parachute jump, Felix Baumgartner spends approximately 4 minutes and 22 seconds in freefall, at the maximum speed of 1,342 kilometres per hour. 

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Constant Matters

Pi_Number
Physical Constants (SI Units)







Avogadro Constant

N_{A} = 6.022 \times 10^{23} mol^{-1}

Bohr Radius

a_0 = 5.29 \times 10^{-11} m

Boltzmann Constant

k = 1.381 \times 10^{-23} JK^{-1}

Charge on an Electron

e = - 1.602 \times 10^{-19} C

Gravitational Constant

G = 6.673 \times 10^{-11} Nm^{2} kg^{-2}

Magnitude of Acceleration due to Gravity

g = 9.81 m s^{-2}

Permeability of Free Space 

\mu_{0} = 4 \pi \times 10^{-7} T m A^{-1}

Permittivity of Free Space 

\epsilon_{0} = 8.854 \times 10^{-12} C^{2} N^{-1} m^{-2}

Speed of Light in a vacuum

c = 2.998 \times 10^{8} m s^{-1}