Opposites Attract

All intermolecular forces are Van der Waals forces.

They are not true bonds in the sense of sharing or transferring electrons, but are weaker attractive forces.  These forces include dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and ionic interactions:

  • Dipole-dipole forces exist between polar regions of different molecules.  The presence of a dipole means that the molecule has a partially positive end and a partially negative end.  Opposite partial charges attract each other, whereas like partial charges repel.  Biological systems utilise a special type of dipole-dipole force, known as hydrogen bonding.
  • Hydrogen bonding involves hydrogen.  The hydrogen atom must be bonded to either an oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom.  Hydrogen bonding is significantly stronger than a “normal” dipole-dipole force and is very much stronger than London dispersion forces (very weak and short-lived attractions between molecules that arise due to the nucleus of one atom attracting the electron cloud of another atom).  Hydrogen bonding may be either intra-molecular or intermolecular.
  • Ionic interactions may serve as intermolecular or intra-molecular forces in biological systems.  In some cases, these may involve metal cations, such as Na+, or anions, such as Cl.  In many cases, the cation is an ammonium ion from an amino group.  The anion may be from a carboxylic acid.  Oppositely charged ions attract each other strongly.

Little 'Bytes' about Natural Phenomena, Theoretical Physics and the Latest Worldwide Scientific Findings. Edited from Glasgow, Scotland.