All intermolecular forces are Van der Waals forces.
They are not true bonds in the sense of sharing or transferring electrons, but are weaker attractive forces. These forces include dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and ionic interactions:
- Dipole-dipole forces exist between polar regions of different molecules. The presence of a dipole means that the molecule has a partially positive end and a partially negative end. Opposite partial charges attract each other, whereas like partial charges repel. Biological systems utilise a special type of dipole-dipole force, known as hydrogen bonding.
- Hydrogen bonding involves hydrogen. The hydrogen atom must be bonded to either an oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom. Hydrogen bonding is significantly stronger than a “normal” dipole-dipole force and is very much stronger than London dispersion forces (very weak and short-lived attractions between molecules that arise due to the nucleus of one atom attracting the electron cloud of another atom). Hydrogen bonding may be either intra-molecular or intermolecular.
- Ionic interactions may serve as intermolecular or intra-molecular forces in biological systems. In some cases, these may involve metal cations, such as Na+, or anions, such as Cl–. In many cases, the cation is an ammonium ion from an amino group. The anion may be from a carboxylic acid. Oppositely charged ions attract each other strongly.
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